• Dura mater inspection
• Arteries on brain base
• Coronal section
• Horizontal section
• Cerebellar peduncle section
• Brain stem section
• Cerebellar section
• Spinal cord inspection
• Spinal cord section

Neuron

• Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary tangle
• Hirano body
• Pick body
• Lewy-body（Brainstem type）
• Cortical Lewy body
• Dysplastic neuron with cytomegaly
• Balloon cell
• Negri body
• Polyglutamine inclusion
• Calcification
• Basophilic inclusion
• Neuronal inclusion in ALS-D
• Skein-like inclusion
• Bunina body
• Achromasia
• Lewy-body like hyaline inclusion
• Lafora body

Neurites

• Spheroid
• Dystrophic axon
• Cactus
• Asteroid body
• Empty basket without Purkinje cell
• Torpedo
• Grumose degeneration
• Lewy neuritis
• Neuropil thread
• Senile plaque

Astrocyte

• Tufted astrocyte
• Gemistocytic astrocyte
• Rosenthal fiber
• Cytomegalovirus inclusion
• Isomorphic gliosis
• Bergmann glia’s proliferation
• Shaslan’s gliosis
• Anisomorphic gliosis
• Astrocytic plaques
• Dysplastic astrocyte
• Corpora amylacea

Oligodendroglia

• Glial cytoplasmic inclusion
• JC virus inclusion
• Glial coiled body
• Argyrophilic thread

Macrophage

• Multinucleic giant cell with AIDS leukoencephalopathy
• Globoid cell
• Fat-granule cell
• Iron-granule cell
• Neuronophagia
• Langhans giant cell

Myelin destruction

• Primary myelin destruction
• Secondary myelin destruction

Axonal degeneration

• Anterograde axonal degeneration
• Retrograde axonal degeneration
• Grumose degeneration

Alzheimer's disease

• Temporal lobe

Parkinson's disease

• Midbrain

Diffuse Lewy body disease

• Cerebral cortex

Multiple system atrophy

• Nucleus basalis(amygdala)
• Upper pons
• Cerebellum
  （horizontal dislocation）

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• Precentral gyrus
• Internal Capsule
• Spinal cord

Multiple sclerosis

• Cerebrum

Central pontine myelinolysis

• Middle pons

Purulent meningitis

• Cerebrum

AIDS leukoencephalopathy

• Nucleus basalis

Tuberculous meningitis

• Pons

Cytomegalovirus encephalitis

• Cerebrum

Prion disease（Jakob disease）

• Cerebrum

Anoxic encephalopathy

• Cerebellum

Old cerebral infarction

• Nucleus basalis・Insular cortex

Lacunar infarction

• Nucleus basalis

Brain contusion

• Temporal lobe

Brain stem injury

• Midbrain

Krabbe disease

• Brainstem

Adrenoleukodystrophy

• Cerebrum(Occipital lobe)

Glioblastoma

• Glioblastoma

Cavernous hemangioma

• Cerebrum

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour

• Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

• Cerebrum

Cerebrum

• @ Area 4
• @ Area 17
• @ Striatum head
• @ Amygdala
• @ Luy’s body
• @ Hippocampus
• @ Pulvinar

Cerebellum

• Sagittal
• Horizontal

Mid Brain

• Upper
• Middle
• Lower

Pons

• Upper
• Middle
• Lower

Medulla Oblongata

• Upper
• Lower
• Lowest

Spinal cord

• Pyramidal decussation
• Cervical cord
• Thoracic cord
• Lumbar cord

Outer appearance

• convex view
• lateral view
• basal view

Cerebrum（coronal cut）

• @ frontal pole
• @ temporal pole
• @ striatum head
• @ anterior commissure
• @ mammillary body
• @ Luy’s body
• @ geniculate body
• @ calcarine sulcus

Cerebrum（horizontal cut）

• @ internal capsule
• @ geniculate body

Brain stem

• midbrain
• pons・medulla

Cerebellum

• horizontal
• sagittal

Spinal cord

• cervical
• thoracic
• lumbar
• sacral

Outer appearance

• convex view
• lateral view
• basal view

Cerebrum（coronal cut）

• @ frontal pole
• @ temporal pole
• @ striatum head
• @ anterior commissure
• @ mammillary body
• @ Luy’s body
• @ geniculate body
• @ calcarine sulcus

Cerebrum（horizontal cut）

• @ internal capsule
• @ geniculate body

Brain stem

• midbrain
• pons・medulla

Cerebellum

• horizontal
• Sagittal

Spinal cord

• cervical
• thoracic
• lumbar
• sacral

• cerebrum (white matter)
• cerebrum (ventricle)
• frontal lobe
• basal ganglia (head)
• basal ganglia (middle)
• basal ganglia (posterior)
• basal ganglia (tail)
• Epithalamus (Habenula)
• hypothalamus
• pulvinar
• hippocampus
• hippocampus (detail)
• amygdala
• occipital lobe
• cerebellar vermis
• cerebellar hemisphere
• midbrain (upper)
• midbrain (Middle)
• midbrain (lower)
• pons (upper)
• pons (middle)
• pons (lower)
• medulla (middle)
• medulla (lower)
• medulla (lowest)
• pyramidal decussation
• cervical cord
• thoracic cord
• lumber cord

• Arterial circle of Willis
• Basal ganglia lesion
  (Dentato-Pallido-Luysial atrophy)
• Basal ganglia lesion
  (Hunchinton's disease)
• Basal ganglia lesion
  (Machado-Joseph disease)
• Basal ganglia lesion
  (Parkinson's disease)
• Basal ganglia lesion
  (Striato-nigral degeneration)
• Central herniation
• Cingulate herniation
• Compensation of blood flow (1)
• Compensation of blood flow (2)
• Contra-coup injury
• Coup injury
• Destruction of Guillain−Mollaret triangle
• Diffuse axonal injury (coronal)
• Diffuse axonal injury (saggital)
• Formation of brain (1)
• Formation of brain (2)
• Guillain−Mollaret triangle
• How to identify precentral sulcus (1)
• How to identify precentral sulcus (2)
• Motor neuron pathway
• Shaken baby syndrome
• Tonsillar herniation
• Transmission of visual information (1)
• Transmission of visual information (2)
• Transmission of visual information (3)
• Transmittion of hearing information
• Uncal herniation

Cerebral cortex

• middle frontal gyrus
• precental gyrus
• primary visual cortex

Cerebral white matter

• frontal lobe
• semioval center
• internal capsule
• corpus callosum

Basal ganglia

• striatum (putamen)
• globus pallidus
• Luy’s body

Midbrain

• substanatia nigra (compact)
• substanatia nigra (reticular)

Pons

• pontine nuclei
• facial nucl

Medulla oblongata

• inferio olive
• hypoglossal nucl.
• pyramis

Cerebellum

• molecular layer
• Purkinje cell layer
• granule cell layer
• dentate nucl.

Spinal cord

• anterio horn
• lateral horn
• lateral tract
• spinocerebellar tract

Sympathetic ganglion

• sympathetic ganglion

Neuron

• Central chromatolysis
• Ballooned neuron
• Neurofibrillary tangle
• Ischemic change
• Pick body
• Lewy body (brain stem type)
• Cortical Lewy body
• Bunia body
• Skein-like inclusion
• Polyglutamine inclusion
• Mineralization
• Hirano body
• Granulovacuolar degeneration
• Granular cell inclusion
• Basophilic inclusion
• Achromasia
• Storage materials
• Lafora body

Neurites

• Diffuse axonal injury
• Spheroid
• Dystrophic axon
• Empty basket
• Torpedo
• Cactus
• Asteroid body
• Neuropil thread
• Senile plaque
• Glomerular structure
• Lewy neurite
• Grumose degeneration
• Terminal button
• Grain
• Eosinophilic round structure
• Axonal degeneration (loss)

Myelin

• Myelin loss
• Myelin ovoid
• Demyelinated plaque

Astrocyte

• Gemistocytic astrocyte
• Fibrillary astrocyte
• Isomorphic gliosis
• Rosenthal fiber
• Tufted astrocyte
• Astrocytic plaque
• Dysplastic astrocyte
• Foamy spheroid body
• Cortical tuber
• Anisomorphic gliosis
• Corpora amylacea
• Alzheimer’s type II glia
• Cytomegalic inclusion

Oligodendroglia

• Measles virus inclusion
• JC virus inclusion
• Glial cytoplasmic inclusion
• Glial coiled body
• Argyrophilic thread
• Perineuronal glial satellitosis
• Perivascular glial satellitosis

Microglia

• Rod-shaped microglia

Macrophage

• Fat-granule cell
• Iron-granule cell
• Neuronophagis
• Multinucleated cell in AIDS
• Globoid cell
• Erythrophagocytosis

Introduction

• Various aspects and diversity
• Cutting-edge role
• Specific features

Cell types & networks

• Classification of cell types
• Classification of cortices
• Network of cerebral cortex
• Network in limbic system
• Network of basal ganglia
• Network of cerebellum

Staining methods

• Stainings of nerve tissues
• Other stainings
• Immunohistochemistry

Cellular pathology

• Neuronal cell body
• Neuronal process
• Myelin sheath
• Astrocyte
• Oligodendroglia
• Ependymal cell
• Microglia / Macrophage

• Anterograde degenation
• Asteroid body in the dendrite of the Purkinje cell
• Axonal dystrophy
• Axonal swelling induced by trauma
• Axonal swelling
• Cactus
• Degeneration of Purkinje cell
• Demyelination (primary)
• Empty basket
• Fat granule cell (macrophage)
• Foamy spheroid body (1)
• Foamy spheroid body (2)
• Gliosis
• Grumose degeneration (dentate nucleus)
• Grumose degeneration
• Hippocampal sclerosis
• Iron granule cell
• Isomorphic gliosis
• Laminar disorganization
• Leptomeningeal heterotopia
• Myelin destruction (secondary change)
• Myelination
• Neuronal clustering
• Neuronal migration (Climbing pattern)
• Neuronal migration (Inside-out pattern)
• Neuronophagia
• Persistent columnar architecture
• Retrograde degeneration
• Role of the nodeof Ranvier
• Torpedo
• Transsynaptic degeneration

① Fixation

② Washing in tap water

③ Dissecting Brains

④ Numbering

⑤ Dehydration

⑥ Clearing

⑦ Paraffin impregnation

⑧ Paraffin embedding

⑨ Mounting on a wooden block

⑩ Sectioning

• Small blocks
• Large paraffin blocks

⑪ Deparaffinization & hydration

⑫ Staining

• HE staining
• Nissl staining
• LFB staining
• KB staining
• Woelcke staining
• Bodian staining
• Holmes staining
• Holmes staining(modification)
• GB staining
• Holzer staining
• Marchi staining
• Berlin blue staining
• Kossa staining
• Azan staining
• IHC staining：Enzymatic method
• IHC staining：IF method
• Nuclear staining

⑬ Dehydration, clearing and coverslipping